Entrecruzamento das vias de entrada ventriculres (Criss-Cross Heart) e transposição anatomicamente corrigida das grandes artérias: relato de caso e revisao de literatura / Criss-Cross heart and corrected transposition of great arteries: case report and literature review

Criss-cross heart é uma rara e complexa anomalia congênita que se caracteriza pela rotação da conexão atrioventricular e entrecruzamento dos fluxos de entrada dos ventrículos. É resultado de uma anomalia de rotação embrionária da massa ventricular no seu eixo longo de forma horária ou anti-horária, sem movimentação concomitante dos átrios. O quadro clínico depende das malformações associadas, dimensões da comunicação interventricular, presença ou não de estenose pulmonar, straddling da valva mitral e dimensões das cavidades ventriculares. A presente revisão abordará os critérios ecocardiográficos de criss-cross heart, definindo as questões técnicas do exame, além de relatar um caso de criss-cross com transposição corrigida das grandes artérias.

Valva pulmonar tetravalvular: diagnóstico ecocardiográfico / Tetracusp pulmonic valve echocardiography diagnosis

Valva pulmonar tetravalvular é uma patologia de baixa incidência que tende a ser clinicamente silenciosa, evoluindo muito raramente para disfunção valvar significativa. Pela posição da valva pulmonar no tórax, o diagnostico ecocardiografico pode ser difícil,principalmente porque, muitas vezes, não conseguimos visibilizar bem suas válvulas no corte paraesternal eixo curto. A sintomatologia pobre somada à dificuldade diagnóstica pode contribuir para os poucos relatos em pacientes vivos.

Cisto sanguíneo mitral versus abscesso roto da valva mitral: diagnóstico diferencial pelo ecocardiograma transesofágico / Mitral blood cyst versus mitral valve ruptured abcess: differential diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography

Relatamos duas lesões pouco habituais e de difícil diagnóstico, nas quais o ecocardiograma transesofágico foi fundamental na avaliação mais detalhada da anatomia da valva mitral, permitindo o diagnóstico diferencial entre cisto sanguíneo e aneurisma roto da valva mitral, os quais, no exame inicial transtorácico, assumiam aspecto muito semelhante.

Double lumen aortic arch or persistence of fifth aortic arch?- Report of a case with no associated cardiac defects and literature review.

Different vascular abnormalities have been reported under the denomination of "persistence of the fifth aortic arch." Detailed studies on experimental embryology raised the discussion about the existence of the fifth aortic arch as an embryological structure, both in humans and mammals. In 1969 the Van Praaghs described the occurrence of double left aortic arch, denominating such anomaly as persistence of the fifth arch. We describe here a female patient showing the presence of an anomalous vessel in parallel with the aortic arch. The finding was occasional, during a preoperative evaluation for cholecystectomy.

Dose efetiva de sedação em ecocardiograma transesofágico: relação com idade, área de superfície e função do ventrículo esquerdo / Effective dose of sedation in transesophageal echocardiography: relation to age, body surface area and left ventricle function / Dosis efectiva de sedación en ecografía transesofágica: relación con edad, área de superficie y función del VI

Fundamento: A sedação com midazolam e meperidina é amplamente utilizada em ecocardiografia transesofágica, entretanto, não existe dose média estabelecida para cada caso. Objetivo: Correlacionar as doses médias de midazolam e meperidina para sedação adequada em ecocardiografia transesofágica com faixa etária, área de superfície corpórea e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 1.841 pacientes submetidos à sedação baseada na escala de Ramsay, com solução contendo midazolam 1,5 mg (1,5 ml), meperidina 1 mg (1 ml) e água destilada (7,5 ml). Analisamos quatro grupos etários: G1: < 24 anos; G2: 25 a 44 anos; G3: 45 a 64 anos; e G4: > 65 anos. Obtivemos a área de superfície corpórea pela fórmula: {[(altura x 100)0,725] x (peso0,425) x 0,0071}. Com relação à fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, estudamos dois grupos: GA: < 55 por cento; e GB: > 55 por cento. Na análise estatística utilizamos o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para correlação com idade e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, e correlação linear simples para área de superfície corpórea. Resultados: No estudo da idade, as doses médias de sedação necessárias foram significativamente menores no G3 e G4 (p < 0,01). Na análise da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, esta foi significativamente menor no GA (p < 0,01). O coeficiente de correlação linear entre dose de sedação e área de superfície corpórea foi 0,09 (nulo). Conclusão: Houve menor dose média necessária de sedativos nos indivíduos com maior idade e em portadores de disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo, e não houve correlação com área de superfície corpórea.

Background: Sedation with midazolam and meperidine is widely used in transesophageal echocardiography. However, no mean dose is established for each individual case. Objective: To correlate the mean midazolam and meperidine doses for proper sedation for transesophageal echocardiography with age range, body surface area, and left ventricular ejection fraction. METHODS: Retrospective study comprising 1,841 patients undergoing sedation based on the Ramsay scale, with a solution containing midazolam 1.5 mg (1.5 ml), meperidine 1 mg (1 ml) and distilled water (7.5 ml). Four age groups were analyzed: G1: < 24 years; G2: 25 to 44 years; G3: 45 to 64 years; and G4: > 65 years. Body surface area was calculated using the formula {[(height x 100)0.725] x (weight0.425) x 0.0071}. As regards the left ventricular ejection fraction, two groups were studied: GA: < 55 percent; and GB: > 55 percent. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test for the correlation with age and left ventricular ejection fraction, and simple linear correlation for body surface area. Results: As regards age, the mean doses of sedation required were significantly lower in G3 and G4 (p<0.01). The analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction showed that this was significantly lower in GA (p<0.01). The linear correlation coefficient between dose of sedation and body surface area was 0.09 (null). Conclusion: The mean dose of sedatives required was lower in older individuals and in those with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. No correlation with body surface area was found.

Fundamento: La sedación con midazolam y meperidina es ampliamente utilizada en ecografía transesofágica, no obstante, no existe dosis media establecida para cada caso. Objetivo: Correlacionar la dosis media de midazolam y meperidina para sedación adecuada en ecografía transesofágica con intervalo de edades, área de superficie corporal y fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo involucrando 1.841 pacientes sometidos a sedación basada en la escala de Ramsay, con solución conteniendo midazolam 1,5 mg (1,5 ml), meperidina 1 mg (1 ml) y agua destilada (7,5 ml). Analizamos cuatro grupos etarios: G1: < 24 años; G2: 25 a 44 años; G3: 45 a 64 años; y G4: > 65 años. Obtuvimos el área de superficie corporal mediante la fórmula: {[(altura x 100)0,725] x (peso0,425) x 0,0071}. Con relación a la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo, estudiamos dos grupos: GA: < 55 por ciento; y GB: > 55 por ciento. En el análisis estadístico utilizamos el test de Kruskal-Wallis para correlación con edad y fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo, y correlación lineal simple para área de superficie corporal. Resultados: En el estudio de la edad, las dosis medias de sedación necesarias fueron significativamente menores en el G3 y G4 (p < 0,01). En el análisis de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo, ésta fue significativamente menor en el GA (p < 0,01). El coeficiente de correlación lineal entre dosis de sedación y área de superficie corporal fue 0,09 (nulo). Conclusión: Hubo menor dosis media necesaria de sedantes en los individuos con mayor edad y en portadores de disfunción sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo, y no hubo correlación con el área de superficie corporal.

Effective dose of sedation in transesophageal echocardiography: relation to age, body surface area and left ventricle function.

BACKGROUND: Sedation with midazolam and meperidine is widely used in transesophageal echocardiography. However, no mean dose is established for each individual case. OBJECTIVE: To correlate the mean midazolam and meperidine doses for proper sedation for transesophageal echocardiography with age range, body surface area, and left ventricular ejection fraction. METHODS: Retrospective study comprising 1,841 patients undergoing sedation based on the Ramsay scale, with a solution containing midazolam 1.5 mg (1.5 ml), meperidine 1 mg (1 ml) and distilled water (7.5 ml). Four age groups were analyzed: G1: < 24 years; G2: 25 to 44 years; G3: 45 to 64 years; and G4: > 65 years. Body surface area was calculated using the formula {[(height x 100)0.725] x (weight(0.425)) x 0.0071}. As regards the left ventricular ejection fraction, two groups were studied: GA: < 55%; and GB: > 55%. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test for the correlation with age and left ventricular ejection fraction, and simple linear correlation for body surface area. RESULTS: As regards age, the mean doses of sedation required were significantly lower in G3 and G4 (p<0.01). The analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction showed that this was significantly lower in GA (p<0.01). The linear correlation coefficient between dose of sedation and body surface area was 0.09 (null). CONCLUSION: The mean dose of sedatives required was lower in older individuals and in those with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. No correlation with body surface area was found.

[Evaluation of segmentary contractility in Chagas' disease by using the integral of the myocardial velocity gradient (myocardial strain) obtained through tissue Doppler echocardiography]. / Avaliação da contratilidade segmentar na doença de Chagas utilizando a integral do gradiente intramiocárdico de velocidade (strain miocárdico) obtida pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the percentage of contractility of different myocardial segments in patients with Chagas' disease by measuring myocardial strain and to assess the differences in the radial and longitudinal ventricular contractile function in the undetermined and dilated forms of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy as compared with those in a group of healthy individuals. METHODS: The study comprised 39 individuals [20 (51.3%) of the male sex] divided into the following 4 groups: 1) Nl: 17 (43.6%) healthy individuals; 2) Und: 7 (17.9%) patients with the undetermined form of Chagas' disease; 3) C1: 7 (17.9%) patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease with ejection fraction < 50%; and 4) C2: 8 (20.5%) patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease with ejection fraction > 50%. After performing baseline echocardiography, Doppler tissue images were recorded to measure myocardial strain in different segments on longitudinal and transversal parasternal, and apical 2- and 4-chamber views. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The percentage of contractility in the different myocardial segments, both the radial and longitudinal components, is greater in healthy individuals than in patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease, and in those with the undetermined form of the disease as compared with that of chronic chagasic patients with EF < 50%. Left ventricular radial contractility is greater than left ventricular longitudinal contractility in all groups (Nl, Und, and Chronic). The data presented allow us to propose a progressive character of myocardial impairment in patients with Chagas' disease.

Avaliação da contratilidade segmentar na doença de Chagas utilizando a integral do gradiente intramiocárdico de velocidade (strain miocárdico) obtida pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual / Evaluation of segmentary contractility in Chagas' disease by using the integral of the myocardial velocity gradient (myocardial strain) obtained through tissue Doppler echocardiography

OBJETIVO: Quantificar o percentual de contratilidade dos diversos segmentos miocárdicos, em portadores de doença de Chagas, através da medida do strain miocárdico e verificar diferenças na função contrátil radial e longitudinal ventricular entre as formas indeterminada e dilatada da miocardiopatia chagásica crônica quando comparadas a um grupo de indivíduos normais. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 39 indivíduos, 20 (51,3 por cento) do sexo masculino divididos em quatro grupos: Nl: 17 (43,6 por cento) indivíduos normais; Ind: 7 (17,9 por cento) portadores de doença de Chagas forma indeterminada; C1, 7 (17,9 por cento) portadores de doença de Chagas forma crônica com fração de ejeção < 50 por cento e C2: 8 (20,5 por cento) portadores de doença de Chagas forma crônica com fração de ejeção > 50 por cento. Após realização de ecocardiograma basal foram registradas as imagem em Doppler tecidual para a medida do strain miocárdico nos diversos segmentos aos cortes paraesternais, longitudinal e transversal, e apicais, de duas e quatro câmaras. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: O percentual de contração dos diversos segmentos miocárdicos, tanto em seu componente radial quanto longitudinal é maior nos indivíduos normais do que em portadores da forma crônica da doença de Chagas e naqueles com a forma indeterminada da doença quando comparado com chagásicos crônicos com FE < 50 por cento. A contratilidade radial do ventrículo esquerdo é maior que a longitudinal nos três grupos (Nl, Ind e Crônico). Os dados apresentados nos permitem propor um caráter progressivo do acometimento miocárdico em portadores da doença de Chagas.

Coronary artery spasm during dobutamine stress echocardiography in a patient with angiographically normal coronary arteries.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) has been extensively used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. During DSE transitory alterations of myocardial wall mobility can occur in the absence of electrocardiographic alterations, or they can be associated with ST segment depression or even elevation on the electrocardiogram. ST segment elevation during DSE has been reported as an infrequent event, generally associated with previous myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease with critical lesions, since the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of dobutamine produce an increase in myocardial oxygen demand, causing ischemia and segmental contractility abnormalities in patients with significant coronary stenosis. The present case relates to a patient referred for DSE after an ischemic treadmill exercise test. During DSE she presented ST segment elevation associated with chest pain. Subsequent coronary arteriography showed normal coronary arteries. We speculate that coronary spasm may have occurred in this patient, as a paradoxical response to the dobutamine-induced increase in coronary flow.

Intracardiac thrombosis and mitral prosthesis dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. A case report.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory disease characterized by deposition of autoantibodies and pathogenic immune complexes in the cells and tissues of an organism, causing lesions. The heart is one of the most frequently involved organs, valvar involvement being common (27%) and of great clinical importance. Some studies suggest that valvar involvement is associated with the presence of a specific autoantibody, the antiphospholipid antibody (aPL). In these circumstances, major complications may occur such as arterial or venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, repeated spontaneous abortions and presence of lupus anticoagulant antibody. Among the semiologic methods for cardiac evaluation, echocardiography is the main instrument for investigating the anatomical and functional involvement of the heart in the great majority of systemic diseases like SLE. We report the case of a patient with SLE and aPL syndrome who underwent surgery for mitral valve replacement with a biological prosthesis and died nine months later due to massive intracardiac thrombosis and prosthesis dysfunction.

Espasmo arterial coronariano durante a realização de ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina em paciente com coronárias angiograficamente normais / Spasm of coronary artery during dobutamine and atropine stress echocardiography in patients with normal coronary angiography

Apresentado relato de uma paciente com 45 anos encaminhada para realização de EDA após teste ergométrico anormal por dor precordial. Durante a realização do EDA apresentou dor precordial, elevação do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma e alterações tênues da contratilidade na parede inferior ao ecocardiograma. Cineangiocoronariografia subsequente mostrou coronárias isentas de processos obstrutivos. Esse caso é inusitado em nossa experiência e raro na literatura. Especulamos sobre as possíveis causas de espasmo arterial coronariano nesta paciente, além do valor clínico do teste.

Study of the myocardial contraction and relaxation velocities through Doppler tissue imaging echocardiography: A new alternative in the assessment of the segmental ventricular function.

OBJECTIVE: Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) enables the study of the velocity of contraction and relaxation of myocardial segments. We established standards for the peak velocity of the different myocardial segments of the left ventricle in systole and diastole, and correlated them with the electrocardiogram. METHODS: We studied 35 healthy individuals (27 were male) with ages ranging from 12 to 59 years (32.9 plus minus 10.6). Systolic and diastolic peak velocities were assessed by Doppler tissue imaging in 12 segments of the left ventricle, establishing their mean values and the temporal correlation with the cardiac cycle. RESULTS: The means (and standard deviation) of the peak velocities in the basal, medial, and apical regions (of the septal, anterior, lateral, and posterior left ventricle walls) were respectively, in cm/s, 7.35(1.64), 5.26(1.88), and 3.33(1.58) in systole and 10.56(2.34), 7.92(2.37), and 3.98(1.64) in diastole. The mean time in which systolic peak velocity was recorded was 131.59ms (+/- 19.12ms), and diastolic was 459.18ms (+/- 18.13ms) based on the peak of the R wave of the electrocardiogram. CONCLUSION: In healthy individuals, maximum left ventricle segment velocities decreased from the bases to the ventricular apex, with certain proportionality between contraction and relaxation (P<0.05). The use of Doppler tissue imaging may be very helpful in detecting early alterations in ventricular contraction and relaxation.

Estudo das velocidades de contração e relaxamento do miocárdio pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual. Nova alternativa da função ventricular segmentar / Study of the myocardial contraction and relaxation velocities through Doppler tissue imaging echocardiography. A new alternative in the assessment of the segmental ventricular function

OBJECTIVE: Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) enables the study of the velocity of contraction and relaxation of myocardial segments. We established standards for the peak velocity of the different myocardial segments of the left ventricle in systole and diastole, and correlated them with the electrocardiogram. METHODS: We studied 35 healthy individuals (27 were male) with ages ranging from 12 to 59 years (32.9 ± 10.6). Systolic and diastolic peak velocities were assessed by Doppler tissue imaging in 12 segments of the left ventricle, establishing their mean values and the temporal correlation with the cardiac cycle. RESULTS: The means (and standard deviation) of the peak velocities in the basal, medial, and apical regions (of the septal, anterior, lateral, and posterior left ventricle walls) were respectively, in cm/s, 7.35(1.64), 5.26(1.88), and 3.33(1.58) in systole and 10.56(2.34), 7.92(2.37), and 3.98(1.64) in diastole. The mean time in which systolic peak velocity was recorded was 131.59ms (±19.12ms), and diastolic was 459.18ms (±18.13ms) based on the peak of the R wave of the electrocardiogram. CONCLUSION: In healthy individuals, maximum left ventricle segment velocities decreased from the bases to the ventricular apex, with certain proportionality between contraction and relaxation (P<0.05). The use of Doppler tissue imaging may be very helpful in detecting early alterations in ventricular contraction and relaxation

Impacto clínico da ecocardiografia transesofágica em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral sem evidência clínica de fonte emboligênica cardíaca / Clinical impact of transesophageal echocardiography in patients with stroke without clinical evidence of cardiovascular sources of emboli

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of transeophageal echocardiography on management of patients at low-risk for cardiogenic embolism to prevent new potential cardiovascular sources of emboli. METHODS: We studied 69 patients with ischemic stroke at low-risk for cardiogenic embolism. Transeophageal echocardiography was performed to access: left atrium enlargement; communication or aneurysm of the interatrial septum; patent foramen ovale; spontaneous echo contrast or intracavitary thrombi; the presence of intraaortic atherosclerotic plaques or thrombi; significant valvar morphologic alteration or dysfunction; left ventricle enlargement, hypertrophy, or contractile abnormality. Transesophageal echocardiography altered clinical management, and we adopted anticoagulant therapy or another procedure apart from the use of acetylsalicylic acid. RESULTS: Transeophageal echocardiography detected at least one abnormality in 40 cases (58 percent). Clinical conduct was adjusted after the performance of transesophageal echocardiography in 11 patients (15.9 percent); anticoagulation was added in 10 cases and surgical correction in one patient. CONCLUSION: Transeophageal echocardiography was a very useful tool in the secondary prevention for stroke in patients at low risk for cardiogenic embolism

Síndrome de Marfan com dilataçäo e dissecçäo aórtica / Marfan syndrome with aortic dilatation and dissection

Os autores descrevem o caso de paciente jovem, com dor torácica aguda, apresentando características da síndrome de Marfan. Comentam o manejo de pacientes com esta síndrome e a importância de seu seguimento